Mishnah
Mishnah

Chasidut sur Avot 4:5

רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ אוֹמֵר, הַלּוֹמֵד תּוֹרָה עַל מְנָת לְלַמֵּד, מַסְפִּיקִין בְּיָדוֹ לִלְמֹד וּלְלַמֵּד. וְהַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לַעֲשׂוֹת, מַסְפִּיקִין בְּיָדוֹ לִלְמֹד וּלְלַמֵּד לִשְׁמֹר וְלַעֲשׂוֹת. רַבִּי צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר, אַל תַּעֲשֵׂם עֲטָרָה לְהִתְגַּדֵּל בָּהֶם, וְלֹא קַרְדֹּם לַחְפֹּר בָּהֶם. וְכָךְ הָיָה הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר, וּדְאִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּתָגָא, חָלָף. הָא לָמַדְתָּ, כָּל הַנֶּהֱנֶה מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, נוֹטֵל חַיָּיו מִן הָעוֹלָם:

R. Yishmael, son fils, dit: Si l'on apprend pour enseigner, il lui est donné d'apprendre et d'enseigner. [Ceci est la bonne version. Sa signification: si l'on apprend pour être constamment impliqué dans la Torah, sans penser à s'engager dans la bonté avec les autres, comme Rava (Rosh Hashanah 18a) qui s'est occupé de la Torah mais pas avec bonté, même s'il doit aussi faire cette dernière, encore, il lui est donné d'apprendre et d'enseigner, selon son intention], et si l'on apprend pour faire, [vouloir étudier la Torah mais aussi s'engager dans la bonté, comme Abbaye, qui s'est engagée dans la Torah et dans la bonté, ] il lui est donné [d'accomplir son intention et] d'apprendre et d'enseigner, de garder et de faire. [Il y en a qui expliquent "Si l'on apprend pour enseigner", pour être appelé "Rabbi", et qui lisent "il ne lui est pas donné d'apprendre et d'enseigner", mais dans la plupart des livres je l'ai trouvé comme dans la première version, qui est la bonne.] Ne faites pas d'eux (paroles de la Torah) une couronne avec laquelle vous glorifier. [Ne dites pas: j'apprendrai pour être appelé «rabbin» et pour m'asseoir à la tête, mais apprenez par amour, et l'honneur viendra inévitablement], (et ne les faites pas) une bêche avec laquelle creuser. [N'apprenez pas la Torah pour en faire un gagne-pain. Pour celui qui le fait profane la sainteté de la Torah et est passible de mort aux mains du Ciel, comme l'est celui qui tire un gain (personnel) de la propriété sacrée. Et les maîtres des écoliers ne sont payés que pour les regarder seuls, pour ne pas endommager les choses, et pour leur enseigner des cantillations, ce qu'un maître n'est pas obligé de faire. Mais il est interdit de prendre un salaire pour enseigner la Torah, comme il est écrit (Deutéronome 4:14): "Et le Seigneur m'a commandé à ce moment-là de vous enseigner les statuts et les jugements" (Ibid. 5): "comme le L rd mon Dieu m'a ordonné "—Tout comme moi, gratuitement, vous aussi, gratuitement. Et il est également interdit à un juge de prendre des honoraires pour statuer, mais seulement des «honoraires d'absentéisme», qu'il soit manifeste que les honoraires représentent ce qu'il perd en s'absentant de son travail pour entendre les plaidoyers des justiciables (à condition que il prend un montant égal des deux. S'il prend plus de l'un que de l'autre, ses décisions sont annulées.) Quant à la Torah permettant à un savant de la Torah de bénéficier des paroles de la Torah, cela s'applique à la vente de ses œuvres sur le marché avant d'autres le font et aussi à son exonération de tous les impôts (personnels), impositions et taxes foncières. La congrégation doit payer même la taxe d'entrée pour lui. Et même s'il est riche et a beaucoup d'argent, il peut demander une exemption par la loi. Et si un érudit de la Torah est malade et plongé dans l'affliction et que la congrégation lui offre de grands cadeaux en l'honneur de sa Torah, c'est une mitsva pour lui de les prendre. Et ce n'est pas dans la catégorie de profiter des paroles de la Torah puisqu'il lui est impossible de se soutenir autrement. Et, de même, un érudit de la Torah qui a été nommé parnas (chef de communauté) ou rosh haseder par la congrégation, et qui s'occupe des besoins de la congrégation, peut prendre un salaire d'eux, même ce qui est bien supérieur à ce qu'il a besoin d'un gagne-pain, afin qu'il soit grand, craint et impressionnant pour eux, comme nous l'avons dit avec le souverain sacrificateur dont il est écrit (Lévitique 21:10): "qui est plus grand que ses frères", qui les sages expliquent: «Faites-le grand de ses frères». Son frère Cohanim doit le rendre riche de ce qui est à eux. Quant aux premiers sages, qui se sont abstenus de cela, c'était hors de leur hassiduth mais ce n'est pas le vacarme.] Et c'est ce que Hillel avait coutume de dire: "Celui qui 'utilise' la couronne (de la Torah) meurt."— par lequel on nous apprend que celui qui exploite les paroles de la Torah «prend sa vie» du monde.

Sha'ar HaEmunah VeYesod HaChasidut

I thank God with all my heart,3This opening is based on the verse in Tehillim (111:1). In the counsel4“Sod,” in Hebrew, means both counsel and mystery. “In the counsel of those who remain,” “b’sod hanisharim” in Hebrew, is a play on the words of Psalm 111, “b’sod yesharim,” “in the mystery of the upright of heart.” This leads us to the simple principle that the unknown becomes known through proper counsel, which is the aim of this treatise. It is also an allusion to the four major works penned by this author, collectively called Sod Yesharim, as mentioned in the introduction. As is often the case regarding the titles of Hasidic works, the numerical equivalent of the phrase, “sod yesharim,” is “Gershon Henokh.” (=630) It may be that this equation is the least significant of the mysteries contained in the pages of this book. of those who remain5“Those who remain and those who love,” refers to members of each generation who yearn for Divine truth. It is as though, at this point in the opening of the work, the author is inviting the souls of the great Torah masters of the past; for he is entering into a battle of the spirit, and not going alone. His polemic is not only armed and positioned with a regiment of prophetic spirits, but with the prophets themselves and the One who speaks to them. All God fearing men who enter into a dialogue with the soul and the “penimiyut,” or internal aspect of the Torah are a part of the counsel, and all who revere the message and morals of prophets and kabbalists and are worthy of the mystery. and those who love, 6cf. Megilla 6b, “אוהבי שרידים יושבי רקת”. According to Rashi, “lovers of Israel.” Those who thirst for God’s word, Those love His Torah with truth and wholeness. They do not learn the Torah as a woodsman sharpens his axe, in order to earn a living.7See Pirkei Avot, 4:5, Nedarim 62a, where the Sages speak sharply against those who use the Torah in order to gain honor or riches. Nor do they adorn themselves in it like a fur coat.8כאדרת שער, cf. Bereshit 25:25, “And the first came out all red, like a hairy garment.” Esav, the hunter, the man of the field, would put on the act of righteous to win his father, Yitzhak’s favor. Those who, “adorn themselves in the Torah as one wears a fancy coat,” were religious men whose saintliness was more an expression of self-aggrandizment than inner dedication. The author was known as a bold fighter, and not afraid to compare many of the self-styled scholars and holy men of his generation to Eisav. Yet they bend their ears to hear the words of the sages. Their hearts yearn to know the truth.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Sha'ar HaEmunah VeYesod HaChasidut

And now, for the sake of our brothers and friends, who tremble at the word of God, seeking the Torah and loving its wisdom, I will now say, “Peace unto the lovers of God’s Torah!” Come, House of Yaakov, and you will walk in the light of God,481Yeshayahu, 2:5. may God be with us as He was with our forefathers, He shall not forsake us and He shall not forget us.482Melachim 1, 8:57 He shall forever lead us by peaceful waters, our rest shall be in our very progression from strength to strength, to ascend the ladder fixed in the ground which rises to Heaven! As for our revilers, who ask why we bother to invest so much contemplation into the Torah until our strength is exhausted? Who claim that the simple explanations of the written and oral Torah is enough. To them, I will offer noble words483See Mishlei, 8:6. which draw the heart of man. Come and consider, see and behold! Taste and see that God is good484Tehillim, 34:9 to those who yearn for their souls to be restored by His perfect Torah.485See Tehillim, 19:8. Those who contemplate it in the depths of their hearts will see and understand that those who taste its depths will merit life. These are the things that man will do and through them he shall live for eternity. Do you not see now that the house of Yaakov is faithful and the house of Yosef is your provider?486Bereshit, 42:6. From the time the house was established, he has been faithful to sustain Israel with every word that comes out of the mouth of God upon which man lives.487“…he would make you know that man does not live by bread alone, but rather by all that comes forth from the mouth of G-d” (Devarim, 8:3). Interpreted in hasidic terms, this means that it is not physical sustenance that gives life, but the Divine essence within the food that enlivens. So, too, the author rails against those who neglect or deny the deeper meaning of the Torah, which is like being concerned only with the body and not the soul. On a more personal level, he seems to be attacking those who deny the validity of the unique (and controversial) interpretative approach of his grandfather, R. Mordechai Yosef of Izhbitz, and of his father, R. Yaakov. Those who reject it have “no portion in Yaakov and no inheritance in the house of Yosef.” This shall cast away those who say that they have no portion in Yaakov and no inheritance in the house of Yosef. Their ways are crooked488Mishlei, 2:15 and they pervert the explanations of the Torah, hanging their misunderstandings like a lyre, preaching all of their logic which has no basis in God’s Torah, not in the words of the Tanaaim and Amoraim of the oral law, and all that they imagine they hang on a great tree489That is, claim that they can based their false interpretation on valid, earlier sources. Here, too, the author may be critiquing those who claim that Maimonides was a rationalist, who did not deal with the secrets of the Torah. The author proved that claim wrong in the first half of this work. asserting, “This is the meaning of the Torah.” For these, the House of Yaakov will be a fire and the House of Yosef like a flame!490Ovadia, 1:18. They will see and learn. They will see how to reveal the Torah of God from the plain meaning of the words, for are not His words like fire,491Yirmiyahu, 23:29. and all who desire its light with truth and faith can come and warm themselves? And likewise, as a flame it will burn all those who learn Torah in order to vex the scholars of the mysteries, and who wear it as a crown and wield it as an axe.492See the Talmud, Pirke Avot, 4:5 And now, House of Yaakov, walk in the light of God and come home. See and understand that all the words of the Torah written in this book are needed for every man of Israel, in every place and every time. And how all of the events recorded in the Torah can illuminate every soul and instruct him how to sustain his life and all that he goes through with justice.493Tehillim 112:5. For the words of the Torah are living and enduring for all eternity. All who contemplate the Torah grasp onto the tree of life, and it is life for those who hold onto it.494Mishlei, 3:18. May God illuminate our eyes to His Torah, and place His love and fear in our hearts, in order to do His will, and to serve Him with a whole heart.495From the liturgy of the morning prayer, in the blessing before the reading of the Shema Yisrael.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Verset précédentChapitre completVerset suivant